[Salon] A Historian in Gaza



A Historian in Gaza

Summary: Francis Ghilès reviews the latest book by acclaimed French historian Jean-Pierre Filiu who has travelled to the Gaza Strip many times over the years and spent a month in the Palestinian territory from December 2024 to January 2025.

We thank Francis Ghilès for today’s newsletter, a review of the new book Un historien à Gaza by Jean Pierre Filiu, published by Les Arènes, Paris. Jean-Pierre Filiu is professor of Middle East Studies at Sciences Po (Paris) and researcher at CERI,  France’s principal research centre dedicated to the study of international relations. Francis is a senior associate research fellow at the Barcelona Centre for International Affairs (CIDOB) and a visiting fellow at King’s College, London.

The past fortnight has witnessed a marked change in tone from leaders in the UK, France and Germany, ending their earlier repetitions about Israel’s right to defend itself. Other European leaders, in Spain, Belgium and Ireland long ago took a more critical position. UK prime minister Sir Keir Starmer, French president Emmanuel Macron and the German chancellor now use harsh words to condemn Israel’s war on the people of Gaza and threatened to suspend trade agreements. Chancellor Merz, a staunch supporter of the Jewish state, said the Israeli government’s action in Gaza could “no longer be justified by fighting Hamas terrorism.” The shift aligns with public opinion and has triggered a debate in Germany over whether to continue to supply weapons to Israel. This change is mirrored in French media where journalists and academics critical of Israeli policy have recently received more airtime to express their views. But so far these words have not impacted Israeli policy.

Pictures of emaciated babies in the arms of mothers who cannot feed them remind some viewers of photos of the opening of German concentration camps in 1945 and the look of utter horror on the faces of American or British officers at the sight of human beings reduced to the state of animals. Late May 2025 will be remembered as the moment when European leaders found it semantically impossible to continue denying the reality of Israeli leaders’ assertions, following the horrendous 7 October killing of 1139 Israelis and foreigners, that they would force the 2.3 million Palestinians out of Gaza.

Jean Pierre Filiu, one of France’s most respected historians of the region, has devoted a book to the little known history of this extraordinary strip of land. His language is restrained, his words surgical. He is not given to openly expressing emotions, be it in his books or television appearances. His sentences are couched in impeccably classical French. He sounds like a judge summing up a case. Last December, he was able to travel to Gaza and spent a month there as guest of the NGO Médecins Sans Frontières. The IDF bans the international press from entering Gaza where 232 Palestinian journalists have been killed between October 2023 and April 2025, 25 of them women. According to the Committee for the Protection of Journalists, journalists killed in Gaza account for three quarters of those killed worldwide in 2023, two thirds in 2024. Filiu concludes that “there is no doubt that it is the Israeli army, and it alone, that is responsible for the violent death of those whose profession is to inform.” His book Un Historien à Gaza is a devastating indictment of a policy of vengeance which risks turning Israel into a pariah state.

Driving along the Salahedin road, he explains why they have to drive slowly: people on foot are so traumatised by pain and the constant bombings that they don’t even hear cars. Along the lunar landscape he meets an old man who tells him that his fate is that of sheep, who are fed just enough to be sacrificed for the annual Eid feast. Among his old acquaintances, the average “displaced” person has one and a half square metres to live – the Palestinians are “shipwrecked”.

The stench from tons of rubbish, smashed sewage treatment plants and lack of water is overwhelming. He reminds us how Pope Francis summed up the situation: “it is cruelty, it is not war.” Hospitals are systematically bombed, babies dying of hypothermia, dehydration and disease, doctors and nurses targeted, schools and universities destroyed, books and academic documents wilfully destroyed by Israeli soldiers. The Palestinians are suffering “a violence worthy of the Last Judgement.” So many buildings, so many landmarks have been destroyed that Filiu loses track of where he is. Nothing he has witnessed in Afghanistan, Syria or Ukraine prepared him for Gaza. This explains “why Israel does not allow the international press access to such a shocking scene.” With the exception of Haaretz, people in Israel do not see the daily violence in Gaza.  European and north American governments, “usually so keen to defend freedom have done nothing to get Israel to relent on this strict black-out.” Filiu is staggered at the lack of empathy in the West for the civilian victims of these killing fields.

He does not gloss over the bitter divisions within Hamas and the Palestine Liberation Organisation which are encouraged by Israel and, more recently, the UAE which has signed a strategic partnership with Israel. The UAE-built hospital in Rafah is spared Israeli bombs and stands undamaged surrounded by collapsed buildings. The Emiratis claim to spearhead ‘humanitarian action’ in Gaza but actually plumb new depths of cynicism. Filiu understands the inner workings of Hamas and the PLO better than most: Hamas’s ruthless methods to control Gaza, the sorry tales of murderous infighting, and the history of the elite Hamas force, the Qassam Brigades. He also observes that middle class people have fled Gaza and he finds many young Palestinians more than willing to join Hamas, despite the heavy casualties inflicted on its fighting forces by Israel.

A broader breakdown of international law is illustrated by different events: the current US/Israeli strategy to privatise humanitarian aid to Gaza, Israeli encouragement of criminal warlords such as Abou Shebab to attack humanitarian convoys, Israeli bulldozing of Muslim cemeteries, pleading “simple negligence” only to “send lorries full of decomposing anonymous corpses back to hospitals in Gaza”. As the rules put in place after 1945 give way to the brutal rule of force, cynical manipulation of the media and characterisation of Israel’s enemies as animals, Western leaders remain silent, ignoring the collapse in their influence  across the world. The author concludes: “As of 7th October 2023, Gaza and its people have been suffocating as a result of a triple stalemate – an Israeli impasse, a Palestinian impasse and a humanitarian impasse. The Israeli impasse is the consequence of Israel’s refusal to treat Gaza other than from the point of view of the security of the Jewish state, with no regard for the human reality of Gaza…such self-delusion…has not spared Israel the bloodiest day in its history……The Palestinian impasse results from the first and from the absolute priority Palestinian factions give their own interests to the detriment of the physical integrity of the Palestinian people. The humanitarian impasse results from the aforementioned since there is little point to pretend helping over the longer term a population deprived of any political prospect and at the mercy of an occupying power.”

Final words must go to Piotr Smolnar (La bande de Gaza au bord de l’asphyxie, Le Monde 20th February 2018) who Filiu quotes: ”Gaza resembles for all the world some sort of crazy laboratory attempting to test how long two million guinea pigs can survive in a hermetically sealed glass cage.” Gaza is not just collapsing on “the women, men and children of Gaza. Gaza is collapsing on the norms of international law painstakingly built to avoid repeating the barbarities of the second world war.” Gaza in other words is opening the door to “an abject world …..abandoned to the likes of Trump, the Netanyahu, Putin and Hamas” a new world whose advent is being brought forward by our abandonment of Gaza.

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